take as read the solid work of Martin Hengel, which underlies quite a bit of the newer investigations but which focuses primarily on the interval between Jesus and Paul rather than on Paul himself.6 Two of them we must deal with here: the first is a seminal article, and the second is one of the most important Ph. D. theses of modern New Testament scholarship.7 James Dunn picked up the thread of Sanders’s argument early in the 1980s and has been sewing new patterns with it ever since. He is almost